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The emblem of Italy (Italian: ''emblema della Repubblica Italiana'') was formally adopted by the newly formed Italian Republic on 5 May 1948. Although often referred to as a coat of arms (or ''stemma'' in Italian), it is technically an emblem as it was not designed to conform to traditional heraldic rules. The emblem is in "socialist heraldry" style similar to those of the Soviet republics and comprises a white five-pointed star, with a thin red border, superimposed upon a five-spoked cogwheel, standing between an olive branch to the dexter side and an oak branch to the sinister side; the branches are in turn bound together by a red ribbon with the inscription REPVBBLICA ITALIANA. The emblem is used extensively by the Italian government. The armorial bearings of the House of Savoy, blazoned ''gules a cross argent'', were previously in use by the former Kingdom of Italy; the supporters, on either side ''a lion rampant Or'', were replaced with ''fasci littori'' (literally bundles of the lictors) during the fascist era. ==Kingdom of Italy== Between 1848 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy (except for Venetia, Rome, Trento and Trieste, or ''Italia irredenta'', which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866, 1870 and 1918 respectively); this period of Italian history is known as the ''Risorgimento'', or resurgence. During this period, the green, white and red ''tricolore'' became the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.〔Ghisi, Enrico ''Il tricolore italiano (1796-1870)'' Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in (The American Historical Review ) Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750-751), July 1932〕 The Italian tricolour, defaced with the coat of arms of the House of Savoy, was first adopted as war flag by the ''Regno di Sardegna-Piemonte'' (Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont) army in 1848. In his Proclamation to the Lombard-Venetian people, Charles Albert said "… in order to show more clearly with exterior signs the commitment to Italian unification, We want that Our troops … have the Savoy shield placed on the Italian tricolour flag."〔"Per viemmeglio dimostrare con segni esteriori il sentimento dell'unione italiana vogliamo che le Nostre truppe ... portino lo scudo di Savoia sovrapposto alla bandiera tricolore italiana." See Lawrence, D.H. (ed. Philip Crumpton) (''Movements in European History'' ) (p. 230) Cambridge University Press, 1989 for an overview〕 As the arms mixed with the white of the flag, it was ''fimbriated azure'', blue being the dynastic colour.〔Lo Statuto Albertino Art. 77, dato in Torino addì quattro del mese di marzo l'anno del Signore mille ottocento quarantotto, e del Regno Nostro il decimo ottavo〕 On 15 April 1861, when the ''Regno delle Due Sicilie'' (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) was incorporated into the ''Regno d'Italia'', after defeat in the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, this flag and the armorial bearings of Sardinia were declared the symbols of the newly formed kingdom. On 4 May 1870, nine years later, the Consulta Araldica issued a decree on the arms, as with the Sardinian arms, two ''lions rampant'' in gold supporting the shield, bearing instead only the Savoy cross (as on the flag) now representing all Italy, with a crowned helmet, around which, the collars of the Military Order of Savoy, the Civil Order of Savoy, the Order of the Crown of Italy (established 2 February 1868), the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, and the Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (bearing the motto FERT) were suspended. The lions held lances flying the national flag. From the helmet fell a royal mantle, engulfed by a pavilion under the ''Stellone d'Italia'', purported to protect the nation.〔Deliberazione della Consulta Araldica del Regno d’Italia (con cui si determina quali debbano essere gli ornamenti esteriori dello stemma dello Stato ), 4 maggio 1870; Regio Decreto n. 7282 del 27 novembre 1890〕 After twenty years, on 1 January 1890, the arms' exterior were slightly modified more in keeping with those of Sardinia. The fur mantling and lances disappeared and the crown was taken from the helmet to the pavilion, now sewn with crosses and roses. The Iron Crown of Lombardy was placed on the helmet, under the traditional Savoyan crest (a winged lionhead), which, together with the banner of Savoy from the former Sardinian arms, replaced the star of Italy.〔(Armi della Real Casa d'Italia ) Corpo della Nobiltà Italiana; Gli stemmi della Famiglia Reale sono regolati dal relativo Regio Decreto del 1 gennaio 1890 e gli stemmi dello Stato e delle Amministrazioni governative sono regolati dal Regio Decreto del 27 novembre 1890〕 These arms remained in official use for 56 years until the birth of the Italian Republic and continue today as the dynastic arms of the head of the House of Savoy.〔(Compiti, Prerogative e Responsabilità del Capo di Casa Savoia nell'Italia Repubblicana ) Reale Casa d'Italia (retrieved 24 January 2009)〕 On 11 April 1929, the Savoy lions were replaced by Mussolini with fasces from the National Fascist Party shield.〔Regio Decreto n. 504 del 11 aprile 1929 VII〕 After his dismissal and arrest on 25 July 1943 however, the earlier version was briefly restored until the emblem of the new ''Repubblica Italiana'' was adopted, after the institutional referendum on the form of the state, held on 2 June 1946. This is celebrated in Italy as Festa della Repubblica. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emblem of Italy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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